Hui-Chu Lin, DVM, MS, DACVA

My research interest has always been focused on clinical use of injectable anesthetics and anesthetic managements in large animal species (e.g, horses, cattle, small ruminates, llamas, and sometimes exotic species).

The studies on comparison of different combinations of xylazine – ketamine, xylazine-ketamine-guaifenesin, xylazine-Telazol and detomidine-Telazol in horses allowed the practitioners to use these combinations of anesthetics in different surgery in the fields.

The use of DMSO in horses under inhalation anesthesia has eliminated the doubt of DMSO in increasing the risk of anesthesia when administered during surgery. The review article on anesthetic management in HYPP horses provides background information of the genetic disorder of HYPP horses and the particular anesthetic effects and anesthetic management on these horses.

My studies on xylazine–ketamine, xylazine-ketamine-guaifenesin, and xylazine-Telazol in sheep provide the information of the anesthetic effects allows practitioners to avoid potential complications they may face when anesthetizing these animals. Study using medetomidine and ketamine and its reversal with atipamezole in llamas provides options for using anesthetics other than xylazine and ketamine.

The result of clinical response and side effects of tolazoline, a xylazine reversal in calves, inform practitioners to be aware of the potential side effects of this drug and to ensure complete recovery of the animals from anesthesia and surgery. Long duration of analgesia produced by epidural administration of xylazine, detomidine, or medetomidine provides the practitioners choices other than lidocaine for perineal surgery and pain management.

Similarly, reports on anesthetic managements in zebras and ostriches are somewhat unique and provide useful information on “how to” safely anesthetize these unusual species.  Results from the pharmacokinetic studies of epidural and local infiltration of lidocaine and ketamine offer important information concerning milk withdrawal time following administration of these two drugs to the food an7imal veterinarians and dairy producers.

1. Fikes LW, Lin HC, and Thurmon JC: A Preliminary Comparison of Lidocaine H.L. and Xylazine H.L. as Epidural Analgesics in Ponies. J of Vet Surg/Anes, 1989;18:85-86.

2. Lin HC, Thurmon JC, Benson GJ, Tranquilli WJ, and Olson WA: The Hemodynamic Responses of Calves to Tiletamine-Zolazepam (Telazol) Anesthesia. J of Vet Surg/Anes, 1989;18:328-334.

3. Thurmon JC, Lin HC, Benson GJ, Tranquilli WJ, and Olson WA: Combining Telazol and Xylazine for Anesthesia in Calves. Vet Med, 1989;84:824-830.

4. Lin HC, Thurmon JC, Benson GJ, Tranquilli WJ, and Olson WA: The Hemodynamic Responses of Calves to Tiletamine-Zolazepam-Xylazine Anesthesia. Am J Vet Res, 1991;52:1606-1610.

5. Lin HC, Branson KR, Thurmon JC, Benson GJ, Tranquilli WJ, Olson WA, and Vähä-Vahe AT: Ketamine, Telazol, Xylazine, Detomidine: A Comparative Anesthetic Drug Combinations Study in Ponies. Acta Vet Scandinavica, 1992;33:109-115.

6. Lin HC, Thurmon JC, Benson GJ, and Tranquilli WA: Clinical Experiences in Immobilization and Anesthesia of Two Hand-reared Zebra. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1993;202:988-990.

7. Lin HC, Tyler JW, Wallace SS, Thurmon JC, and Wolfe DF: Use of Telazol and Xylazine Anesthesia in Sheep. The Cornell Vet, 1993;83:117-124.

8. Lin HC, Thurmon JC, Benson GJ, Tranquilli WJ, and Olson WA: Guaifenesin-Ketamine-Xylazine Anesthesia for Castration in Ponies: A Comparative Study with Two Different Doses of  Ketamine. J Eq Vet Sci, 1993;13:29-32.

9. Lin HC, Thurmon JC, Benson GJ, and Tranquilli WJ: Telazol--A Review of its Pharmacology and Use in Veterinary Medicine. J Vet Pharmacol Therap, 1993;16:383-418.

10. Welles EG, Williams MA, Tyler JW, and Lin HC: Hemostasis in Cows with Endotoxin-induced Mastitis Treated With Small Volumes of Intravenous Isotonic or Hypertonic Saline Solutions. Am J Vet Res, 1993;54:1230-1234.

11. Lin HC, Tyler JW, Welles EG, Spano JS, Thurmon JC, and Wolfe DF: Effects of Anesthesia with Continuous Intravenous Administration of Guaifenesin, Ketamine, and Xylazine in Spontaneously Breathing Sheep. Am J Vet Res, 1993;54:1913-1916.

12. Lin HC, Benson GJ, Thurmon JC, Tranquilli WJ, Olson WA, and Bevill RF: Influence of Anesthetic Regimens on the Perioperative Catecholamines Response Associated with to Onychectomy in Cats. Am J Vet Res, 1993;54:1721-1724.

13. Tyler JW, DeGraves F, Erskine RJ, Riddell MG, Lin HC, and Kirk JH: Milk Production in Cows with Endotoxin-induced Mastitis Treated with Isotonic or Hypertonic Saline. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1994;204:1949-1952.

14. Tyler JW, Welles EG, Erskine RJ, Lin HC, Williams A, Spano JS, Gaslin JT, and McClure KA: Treatment of Endotoxin-induced Mastitis with Small Volumes Intravenous Isotonic or  Hypertonic Saline. Am J Vet Res, 1994;55:278-287. 15. Lin HC, Wallace SS, Robbins RL, Harrison I, and Thurmon JC: Use of Guaifenesin, Ketamine and Xylazine for Dystocia in Horses. The Cornell Vet, 1994;84:61-66.

16. Lin HC, Wallace SS, Tyler JW, Robbins RL, Thurmon JC, and Wolfe DF: Comparison of Telazol-Ketamine and Telazol-Ketamine-Xylazine Anesthesia in Sheep. Australian Vet J, 1994;71:239-242.

17. Pugh DG, Baird AN, Wolfe DF, Wenzel JGW, and Lin HC: A Prescrotal Castration Technique for Llamas. Eq Pract, 1994;16:26-28.

18. Baird AN, Pugh DG, Wenzel JGW, and Lin HC: A Comparison of Two Techniques for Castration of Llamas.  J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1996;208:261-262.

19. Anderson DE, Gaughan EM, Baird AN, Lin HC, and Pugh DG: Laparoscopic Examination of the Abdomen in Llamas. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1996;208:111-116.

20. Todhunter PG, Kincaid SA, Todhunter RJ, Kammermann J, Johnstone B, Baird AN, Hanson RR, Wright JM, Lin HC, and Purohit RC: Immunohistochemical Analysis of an Equine Model of Synovitis-induced Arthritis.  Am J Vet Res, 1996;57:1080-1093.

21. Waldridge BM, Lin HC, and Purohit RC: Anesthetic Management of Horses with Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis.  Comp Cont Edu, 1996;18:1030-1039. 

22. Lin HC, Todhunter PG, Powe TA, and Ruffin DC: Clinical Anesthesia of Ratites. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1997;210:244-248.     

23. Lin HC and Ko JC. Anesthetic Management of Ratites. Comp Cont Edu, 1997;19:S127-S132.

24. Lin HC, Purohit RC, and Powe TA: Anesthesia in Sheep with Propofol or with Xylazine-Ketamine followed by Halothane. Vet Surg, 1997;26:247-252.

25. Lin HC, Baird AN, Pugh DG, Anderson DE, and Gaughan EM: Effects of CO₂ Insufflation on Arterial Blood Gas during Laparoscopy in Halothane-anesthetized Llama. Vet Surg, 1997;26:444-450.

26. Thurmon JC, Ko JCH, Lin HC, and Olson WA: Guaifenesin-Ketamine-Detomidine Anesthesia for Castration of Ponies. J Eq Vet Sci, 1997;17:262-266.

27. Lin HC, Trachte EA, DeGraves FJ, Rodgerson DH, Steiss JE, and Carson RL: Medetomidine for Caudal Epidural Analgesia in Cows. Am J Vet Res, 1998;59:162:167.

28. Waldridge BM, Lin HC, DeGraves FJ, and Pugh DG: Evaluation of Medetomidine and Its Reversal by Atipamezole in Llamas. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1997;211:1562-1565.

29. Rodgerson DH, Baird AN, Lin HC, and Pugh DG: Ventral Abdominal Approach for Laparoscopic Ovariectomy in Llamas. Vet Surg, 1998;27:331-336.

30. Lin HC, Riddell MG, and DeGraves FJ: Medetomidine and Ketamine Anesthesia and Its Reversal with Yohimbine, Tolazoline, or Atipamezole in Dairy Calves. The Bovine Practitioners, 1999;33:21-26.

31. Meyer GA, Lin HC, Hanson RR, and Hayes TL: The Effects of Intravenous Lidocaine Overdose on Cardiac Electrical Activity and Blood Pressure in the Horse. Equine Vet J. 2001;33:434-437.

32. Lin HC, Trachte EA, Pugh DG, and Heath A: Use of Clonidine for Caudal Epidural Analgesia in Cows. The Bovine Practitioners,  2003;37:83-88.

33. Lin HC, Johnson C, Duran SH, and Waldridge BM: The Effects of Intravenous Infusion of Dimethyl Sulfoxide in Awake or Halothane-Anesthetized Horses.  J Am Vet Med Assoc, 2004;225:560-566.

34. Lin HC, Riddell MG: Preliminary Studies of the Effects of Xylazine or Detomidine with or without Butorphanol for Standing Sedation in Dairy Cattle.  Vet Therap: Res in Appl Vet Med, 2003;4:285-291.

35. Waguespack RW, Kemppainen RJ, Cochran A, Lin HC, and Belknap JK: Increased Expression of MAIL, a Cytokine-Associated Nuclear Protein, in the Prodromal Stage of Black Walnut-Induced Laminitis.  Eq Vet J, 2004:36:285-291.

36. Harland M, Lin HC, Krekeler S, and Waldridge B. Hämatologische, Serum-biochemische und Metabolische Effecte beim Pferd Isofluran und Sevofluran Anästhesie mit und ohne Postoperativer Gabe von Xylazin. Pferde spiegel, 2006;4:167-170.

37. Lin HC and Riddell MG. Tolazoline: Dose Responses and Side Effects in Non-Sedated Holstein Calves.  The Bovine Practitioners 2008;42:86-92.

38. Sellers G, Lin HC, Riddell MG, Ravis W, Duran SH, and Givens MD. Pharmacokinetics of Lidocaine Administered via Inverted L and Caudal Epidural Nerve Blocks  in Adult Holstein Cows. J Vet Pharmacol & Therap, 2009;32:446-450.

39. Passler NH, Chan HM, Stewart AJ, Duran SH, Welles EG, Lin HC, Ravis WR. Distribution of Voriconazole in Seven Body Fluids of Adult Horses after Repeated Oral Dosing. J Vet Pharmacol & Therap, 2009;33:35-41.

40. Sellers G, Lin HC, Riddell MG, Ravis W, Duran SH, and Givens MD. Pharmacokinetics of Ketamine Administered Intravenously in Adult Holstein Cows. Accepted for publication in J Vet Pharmacol & Therap, 2009.

41. Benson GJ, Lin HC, Thurmon JC, Olson WA, and Tranquilli WJ: Assessment of Analgesia By Catecholamine Analysis: Response to Onychectomy in Cats. In: Animal pain, ed. by Short CE and Poznak AV. Churchill Livingston, 1992;436-439.

42. Dunlop CI, Lin HC, and Thurmon JC: Anesthetic Nursing. In "Review Questions and Answers for Veterinary Technicians", ed. by Pratt PW. American Veterinary Publications, Inc, 1992;15-27.

43. Lin HC and Wallace SS: General Anesthesia for Obstetric Procedures in Horses. In "Handbook of Methods for Study of Reproductive Physiology in Domestic Animals", ed. by Dziuk PJ and Wheeler MB. Section II. I. 1, 2, 1992.

44. Lin HC and Thurmon JC: Anesthesiology. In "Review Questions and Answers for Veterinary Boards: Small Animal Medicine and Surgery", ed. by Pratt PW, American Veterinary Publishing, Inc. 1993;1-9.

45. Lin HC, Benson GJ, and Thurmon JC: Anesthesia and Anesthetic Nursing. In "Medical, Surgical, and Anesthetic Nursing for Veterinary Technicians", ed. by Pratt PW, 2^nd ed. American Veterinary Publisher. 1994;467-507.

46. Lin HC: Dissociative Anesthesia. In "Lumb and Jones’ Veterinary Anesthesia", 3^rd ed., ed. by Thurmon JC, Tranquilli WJ, and Benson GJ, Williams and Wilkins. 1996;241-296.

47. Lin HC: Dissociative Anesthetics. In ”Essentials of Small Animal Anesthesia and Analgesia”, ed. by Thurmon JC, Tranquilli WJ, and Benson GJ, Williams and Wilkins. 2000;151-157.

48. Lin HC and Pugh DG: Anesthetic Management in Small Ruminants. In ”Sheep and Goat Medicine”, ed. by Pugh DG.  W.B. Saunders. 2001;405-419.

49. Lin HC and Pugh DG. Anesthetic Management in Small Ruminants. In ”Sheep and Goat Medicine”, ed. by Pugh DG.  Translated by Jao DM and Boux Han.  Elsevier (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. Singapore. (In Chinese) 2004; 328-339.

50.  Lin HC and Pugh DG:  Procedimentos Anestésicos. In ”Clinica de OVINOS E CAPRINOS”, ed. by Pugh DG.  Translated by Fagliari JJ.  Editora Roca Ltda.  Elsevier Inc, New York. (In Portugese) 2005; 455-470.

51. Lin HC: Positioning of the Anesthetized Horses. In: “Manual of  Equine Anesthesia and Analgesia”, ed. by Doherty T and Valverde A.  Blackwell Publishing, Iowa. 2006;183-186.

52. Lin HC: Dissociative Anesthesia. In "Lumb and Jones’ Anesthesia and Analgesia", 4^th ed., ed. by Tranquilli WJ, Thurmon JC, and Grimm KA, Blackwell Publishing. 2008, p301-353.

53. Lin HC, Caldwell F, Pugh DG. Anesthetic Management. In ”Sheep and Goat Medicine”, ed. by Pugh DG and Baird AN, 2^nd ed. W.B. Saunders. In press, 2010.