PROGRAM DESCRIPTIONS Programs leading to both the Master of Science (MS) and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degrees in Biomedical Sciences are offered. The MS  and PhD programs in Biomedical Sciences are college-wide and are administered by a committee of the Graduate Faculty and the Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Studies acting in conjunction with the departments. Both programs are open to veterinary graduates in all departments and to those with Bachelor's degrees. A satisfactory Graduate Records Examination score (minimum combined total of 1000 scored on verbal and quantitative sections) is required for all graduate programs. International students must take the TOEFL with a minimum score of 550 required for consideration for any graduate program.   ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology offers a program of research, formal courses, and seminars in the following areas: computer-video applications in teaching, metabolic regulation, enzymology, sensory physiology, membrane physiology, biophysics, neurophysiology, cardiovascular physiology, endocrinology, basic and clinical pharmacology, toxicology, gross and neuro anatomy, morphology of reproductive organs and embryo ultra-structure, neurobiology, chemosensory mechanisms, ultrasonography, morphometrics, medical illustration, and osteopathology. FOOD ANIMAL SURGERY AND MEDICINE AND EQUINE SURGERY & MEDICINE SECTIONS These sections offer large animal graduate programs and residency training in internal medicine, surgery, theriogenology, practitioner specialties, and pharmacy. Internal medicine emphasizes equine medicine, food animal medicine, and neonatology. Surgery emphasizes bovine male reconstructive surgery and orthopedic and upper respiratory surgery. Theriogenology comprises all areas of large animal reproduction, including dairy and beef herd health, with focus on male reproduction and in vitro fertilization. Anesthesia and intensive care programs are offered as are pharmacy programs with specialty training in veterinary clinical pharmacy and pharmacokinetics. Other areas of research interest are nutrition, metabolic diseases, bovine mastitis, cardiopulmonary disease, and thermography. PATHOBIOLOGY Pathobiology offers graduate study in microbiology, molecular biology, immunology, epidemiology, parasitology, and pathology. Areas of research include: molecular virology of herpes viruses; virulence of bacterial pathogens; avian disease; pre-harvest food safety; cellular immunology; protozoa and helminths; reproductive biology, including in vitro fertilization; molecular genetics of cell cycle and growth regulation; epidemiology and pathogenesis of infectious diseases; molecular genetics of inherited metabolic diseases; molecular probes for disease diagnosis; cancer biology and immunology; platelet pathophysiology; aquatic pathobiology; and cell pathology. Included among support facilities available to the student are hybridoma, electron microscopy, flow cytometry, cell culture, and computer laboratories. RADIOLOGY SECTION Study in the discipline of veterinary radiology includes physics, diagnostics, special procedures, nuclear medicine, and alternate imaging. Upon completion of the residency program, the individual will be qualified to write the certification examination in veterinary radiology. Active research includes: orthopedics, CNS and spinal cord diseases, comparative studies using alternate imaging, and oncology. Alternate imaging technologies available in the Holland Ware Imaging Center include M.R.I., C.T. scan, ultrasonography (with color Doppler), and conventional radiography. SCOTT-RITCHEY RESEARCH CENTER The Scott-Ritchey Research Center is a privately endowed University Center within the College of Veterinary Medicine that is dedicated exclusively to research and research training on health problems of companion animals. The faculty of the Center conduct research on inherited diseases, molecular genetics, gene therapy, neuromuscular diseases, wound healing, and cardiopulmonary diseases. A research training program conducted by Center faculty is available for students ranging in experience from prebaccalaureate to postdoctoral. SMALL ANIMAL SURGERY AND SMALL ANIMAL MEDICINE SECTIONS These sections offer postgraduate and graduate studies for students with veterinary degrees. Selection for the postgraduate internships and for residencies in the specialties of veterinary internal medicine, neurology, ophthalmology, dermatology, and surgery is administered through the American Association of Veterinary Clinicians' Intern/Resident Matching Program. The 36 month residencies include pursuit of the MS degree and meet the requirements of the Specialty colleges. The current specialty and research interests of the faculty include the cardiovascular mechanisms in dogs and cats, implants in orthopedic surgery, pacemakers, oncology, dermatology, neurology, neurosurgery, and ophthalmology. SPORTS MEDICINE The Sports Medicine Program offers a concentration in Veterinary Sports Medicine toward a Master's degree in Biomedical Sciences  Our mission is to prepare students for the use of applied veterinary sports medicine skills in the field of canine and equine sports medicine. Through lecture and active participation in various programs such as the Athletic Dog Education Program, students will build a strong foundation of knowledge that will aid them in both veterinary and non-veterinary career paths. Students will acquire a solid background in specialized areas such as sports nutrition, sports psychology, exercise physiology, biomechanics, injury rehabilitation, and much more. The degree provides graduates with focused training for career opportunities with industrial, consulting, and service or governmental organizations. The degree can also provide the foundation and background for further studies in veterinary medicine.